Geology

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The study of general geology helps us understand the Earth's past and present, and can provide insights into future changes in the planet's landscape and environment.

Physical Properties of Minerals

(How Geologists Identify and Classify Minerals in the Field)Understanding the physical properties of minerals is one of the most fundamental skills in geology. Every...

Unconformities

An unconformity is contact between two rock units.Unconformities are typically buried erosional surfaces that can represent a break in the geologic record of hundreds of millions of years or more. It it called an unconformity because the ages of the layers of rock that are abutting each other are discontinuous at the unconformity. An expected age of layer or layers of rock is/are missing due to the erosion; and, some period in geologic time is not represented.

Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains the movements and behaviors of the Earth's lithosphere, which is composed of the crust and uppermost...

Structure of Earth

The Earth's structure is a fascinating and complex arrangement of layers that make up our planet's interior. Understanding this structure is crucial for geologists...

Optical Properties of Minerals

Study of how light passes through thin sections – rock cut and polished to about 0.3 mm thickness Use properties of light absorption and propogation through a mineral à affected by atomic arrangement and composition Learn the properties of light associated with techniques governing the use of a petrographic microscope

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The Rarest Gemstones on Earth and Their Geological Origins

A Hidden World Beneath the SurfaceDeep within the Earth’s crust, where intense pressure and heat shape the minerals of our planet, nature hides some...

Granite in Engineering and Design: Composition, Properties and Modern Uses

Granite is one of the most recognizable and most used intrusive igneous rocks on Earth. It is hard, resistant to weathering, aesthetically attractive, and...

10 Fun Geology Experiments You Can Do at Home

You don’t need a laboratory or expensive equipment to explore the wonders of geology. The Earth’s secrets can be discovered right at home —...

The Use and Meaning of Natural Stones in Ancient Civilizations

Since the dawn of human civilization, natural stones have held a special place in the hearts, beliefs, and daily lives of people. Long before...

The Most Beautiful Agate Types Found Around the World

Agate has fascinated humans for thousands of years. This captivating variety of chalcedony—one of the many forms of quartz—has long been admired for its...

Volcanic Eruptions in 2025: Nature’s Power and New Developments

Volcanic eruptions are some of the most awe-inspiring and sometimes devastating displays of nature. The year 2025 has been significant in showcasing these natural...

Obsidian: Nature’s Volcanic Glass – From Arrowheads to Skincare

Obsidian is one of those rare natural wonders that instantly captures your imagination. Imagine molten lava cooling so quickly that it never gets the...

Hematite: The Bloodstone – Its Geological Origins and Ancient Ritual Significance

Hematite, with its metallic sheen and blood-red streak, has fascinated civilizations for thousands of years. Known as the "bloodstone" (not to be confused with...