Geologic Time Scale
The Geologic Time Scale is a system used by scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events in Earth's history. It covers a...
The Formation and Evolution of Oceans
Oceans are a vital component of the Earth's system and play a crucial role in shaping the planet's climate, weather patterns, and overall habitability....
Mass Extinctions in Earth’s History
A mass extinction is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity of life on Earth. They occur when a significant portion of the...
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers and the layering of rocks. Stratigraphy is an important field because it helps us understand the Earth's...
Age of the Earth and Earth’s Oldest Rock
How old is the Earth?
Thanks to meteorites from space, rocks brought back by the Apollo astronauts from the Moon, and sundry other...
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains the movements and behaviors of the Earth's lithosphere, which is composed of the crust and uppermost...
Structure of Earth
The Earth's structure is a fascinating and complex arrangement of layers that make up our planet's interior. Understanding this structure is crucial for geologists...