Runoff refers to the movement of water, usually from precipitation such as rain or snowmelt, across the surface of the Earth. When it rains or snows, water can either infiltrate into the ground, evaporate, or flow over the land surface. The portion of precipitation that flows over the land surface, collecting in rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water, is called runoff. Runoff can occur on various surfaces, such as soil, pavement, or vegetation, depending on the land cover and land use.
Runoff plays an important role in the water cycle and can have significant effects on the environment. It can carry pollutants from human activities, such as agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, and urban runoff, which can impact water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Runoff can also cause soil erosion, as it can carry away topsoil, nutrients, and sediment, which can have negative impacts on agriculture, water quality, and habitat for plants and animals. Management of runoff is important in urban areas to mitigate flooding, control erosion, and protect water resources. This can be done through practices such as stormwater management systems, permeable pavement, and green infrastructure, which aim to capture and treat runoff to minimize its negative impacts on the environment.
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